Calibración Basada en Medidas para Modelos de Trazado de Rayos en 3D para Ambientes Exteriores Urbanos andinos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18046/syt.v10i21.1195Palavras-chave:
Calibración, pérdidas de propagación, propagación, trazado de rayos.Resumo
En este artículo se investiga el efecto que produce la optimización de los valores de permitividad para calles, paredes y techos de edificios, con relación a la precisión en la estimación de las pérdidas de propagación en un entorno exterior andino utilizando la técnica de trazado de rayos en 3D.Para obtener un modelo viable del escenario tridimensional, es generalizado tomar los valores de sus propiedades desde investigaciones realizadas por otros autores, en donde se caracterizan materiales típicos de otras ciudades, y a menudo la banda de frecuencias de operación no corresponde con la banda de frecuencias utilizadas en la caracterización. Para analizar la dependencia del valor de la pérdida de camino con respecto a la permitividad de los materiales, estimamos las pérdidas de propagación para diferentes valores de permitividad en los materiales y calculamos las estadísticas de error con respecto a medidas realizadas en el escenario COST de Cali (Colombia), típico de la región andina. Finalmente, optimizamos los valores de la permitividad y obtenemos un modelo del ambiente tridimensional que mejora el desempeño del trazado de rayos en la estimación de las pérdidas de propagación.Referências
Fugen T., Maurer J., Kaiser T., & Wiesbeck W. (2006). Capability of 3-D ray tracing for defining parameter sets for the specification of future mobile communications systems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54, 3125–3137
Ng, K.H., Tameh, E., Doufexi, A., Hunulumbure, M. & Nix, A. (2007). Efficient multielement ray tracing with site-specific comparisons using measured MIMO channel data. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 56, 1019–1032
Stavrou, S. & Saunders, S.R. (2003, Marzo-Abril). Review of constitutive parameters of building materials. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP ’03), Exeter, UK, [Vol. 1], (pp. 211–215). Londres, UK: IEEE
Athanasiadou, G.E. & Nix, A.R. (2000). Investigation into the Sensitivity of the Power Predictions of a Microcellular Ray Tracing Propagation Model. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49, 1140–1151
Rautiainen T., Wolfle G., & Hoppe, R. (2000). Verifying path loss and delay spread predictions of a 3D Ray tracing propagation model in urban environment. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49, 1140–1151
Iskander, M.F. & Yun Z. (2002). Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 50(3), 662–673
Rappaport, T. (1996). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Kim, K., Medouri, A., Sarkar, T.K., Ji, Z. & Salazar-Palma, M. (2003). A survey of various propagation models for mobile communication. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 45(3), 51–82
Whinnery, J., Ramo, S. & van Duzer, T. (1994). Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
Luebbers, R.J. (1989). A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for roughlossy wedges. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37(2), 206–211
Chamberlin, K.A. & Luebbers, R.J. (1982). An Evaluation of Longley-Rice and GTD Propagation Models. Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 30(6), 1093-1098
Valenzuela, R.A., Fortune, S. & Ling, J. (1998). Indoor propagation prediction accuracy and speed versus number of reflections in image-based3-D ray-tracing. En Proceedings 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Canada (pp. 539–543). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Kouyoumjian, R.G. & Pathak, P.H. (1974). A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface, Proceedings of the IEEE, 62(11), 1448–1461
Luebbers, R.J. (1984). Finite conductivity uniform gtd versus knife edge diffraction in prediction of propagation path loss. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 32(1), 70–76.
Luebbers, R.J. (1989). A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for roughlossy wedges. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37(2), 206–211
Anantha, V., Stratis, G., & Taflove, A. (1997). Numerical calculation of diffraction coefficients of generic conducting and dielectric wedges using fdtd. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 45(10), 1525–1529
Burr, A., Czink, N., Debbah, M., Degli-Esposti, V., Hofstetter, H., Kyosti, P., Laurenson, D., Matz, G., Molisch, A.F., Oestges, C., Almers, P., Bonek, E. & Ozcelik, H. (2007). Survey of channel and radio propagation models for wireless MIMO systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2007(1), 1–19
Heddergott, R., Steinbauer, M., Molisch, A. F., Asplund, H. & Zwick, T. (2006). The cost 259 directional channel model–part I: Overview and methodology. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 5(12), 3421–3433
Fischer, C., Zwick, T., & Wiesbeck, W (2002). A stochastic multipath channel model including path directions for indoor environments. IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 20(6), 1178–1192
Luebbers, R.J. (1988). Comparison of lossy wedge diffraction coefficients with application to mixed path propagation loss prediction. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 36, 1031–1034
Gil, F., Claro, A.R., Ferreira, J.M., Pardelinha, C. & Correia, L.M. (2001). A 3D interpolation method for base-station-antenna radiation patterns. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 43(2), 132–137
Liu, T., Li, H., Chen, C & Lin, H. (2000). Applicability of ray-tracing technique for the prediction of outdoor channel characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49(6), 2336–2349
Bultitude, R.J.C. (2002). Estimating frequency correlation functions from propagation measurements on fading radio channels: a critical review. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 20(6), 1133– 1143
Lee, W.C.Y. (1985). Estimate of local average power of a mobile radio signal. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 34(1), 22–27
Navarro A., Guevara D. (2010). Applicability of game engine for ray Tracing Techniques in a Complex Urban Environment. En Proceedings, 72nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Canada (pp. 539–543). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Navarro A., & Guevara, D. (2010). Using Game Engines in Ray Tracing Physics. En Proceedings of IEEE Latin American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM), Bogotá, Colombia (pp. 1-6). doi: 10.1109/LATINCOM.2010.5641119
Ling H., Chou R. & Lee S. (1989). Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37, 194–205
Ng, K.H., Tameh, E., Doufexi, A., Hunulumbure, M. & Nix, A. (2007). Efficient multielement ray tracing with site-specific comparisons using measured MIMO channel data. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 56, 1019–1032
Stavrou, S. & Saunders, S.R. (2003, Marzo-Abril). Review of constitutive parameters of building materials. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP ’03), Exeter, UK, [Vol. 1], (pp. 211–215). Londres, UK: IEEE
Athanasiadou, G.E. & Nix, A.R. (2000). Investigation into the Sensitivity of the Power Predictions of a Microcellular Ray Tracing Propagation Model. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49, 1140–1151
Rautiainen T., Wolfle G., & Hoppe, R. (2000). Verifying path loss and delay spread predictions of a 3D Ray tracing propagation model in urban environment. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49, 1140–1151
Iskander, M.F. & Yun Z. (2002). Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 50(3), 662–673
Rappaport, T. (1996). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Kim, K., Medouri, A., Sarkar, T.K., Ji, Z. & Salazar-Palma, M. (2003). A survey of various propagation models for mobile communication. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 45(3), 51–82
Whinnery, J., Ramo, S. & van Duzer, T. (1994). Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
Luebbers, R.J. (1989). A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for roughlossy wedges. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37(2), 206–211
Chamberlin, K.A. & Luebbers, R.J. (1982). An Evaluation of Longley-Rice and GTD Propagation Models. Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 30(6), 1093-1098
Valenzuela, R.A., Fortune, S. & Ling, J. (1998). Indoor propagation prediction accuracy and speed versus number of reflections in image-based3-D ray-tracing. En Proceedings 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Canada (pp. 539–543). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Kouyoumjian, R.G. & Pathak, P.H. (1974). A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface, Proceedings of the IEEE, 62(11), 1448–1461
Luebbers, R.J. (1984). Finite conductivity uniform gtd versus knife edge diffraction in prediction of propagation path loss. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 32(1), 70–76.
Luebbers, R.J. (1989). A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefficient for roughlossy wedges. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37(2), 206–211
Anantha, V., Stratis, G., & Taflove, A. (1997). Numerical calculation of diffraction coefficients of generic conducting and dielectric wedges using fdtd. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 45(10), 1525–1529
Burr, A., Czink, N., Debbah, M., Degli-Esposti, V., Hofstetter, H., Kyosti, P., Laurenson, D., Matz, G., Molisch, A.F., Oestges, C., Almers, P., Bonek, E. & Ozcelik, H. (2007). Survey of channel and radio propagation models for wireless MIMO systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2007(1), 1–19
Heddergott, R., Steinbauer, M., Molisch, A. F., Asplund, H. & Zwick, T. (2006). The cost 259 directional channel model–part I: Overview and methodology. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 5(12), 3421–3433
Fischer, C., Zwick, T., & Wiesbeck, W (2002). A stochastic multipath channel model including path directions for indoor environments. IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 20(6), 1178–1192
Luebbers, R.J. (1988). Comparison of lossy wedge diffraction coefficients with application to mixed path propagation loss prediction. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 36, 1031–1034
Gil, F., Claro, A.R., Ferreira, J.M., Pardelinha, C. & Correia, L.M. (2001). A 3D interpolation method for base-station-antenna radiation patterns. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 43(2), 132–137
Liu, T., Li, H., Chen, C & Lin, H. (2000). Applicability of ray-tracing technique for the prediction of outdoor channel characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 49(6), 2336–2349
Bultitude, R.J.C. (2002). Estimating frequency correlation functions from propagation measurements on fading radio channels: a critical review. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 20(6), 1133– 1143
Lee, W.C.Y. (1985). Estimate of local average power of a mobile radio signal. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 34(1), 22–27
Navarro A., Guevara D. (2010). Applicability of game engine for ray Tracing Techniques in a Complex Urban Environment. En Proceedings, 72nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Ottawa, Canada (pp. 539–543). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
Navarro A., & Guevara, D. (2010). Using Game Engines in Ray Tracing Physics. En Proceedings of IEEE Latin American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM), Bogotá, Colombia (pp. 1-6). doi: 10.1109/LATINCOM.2010.5641119
Ling H., Chou R. & Lee S. (1989). Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37, 194–205
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2012-06-30
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Original Research
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Esta publicação está licenciada sob os termos da licença CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.pt_BR).
